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If you are an experienced C programmer with a working knowledge of UNIX, you cannot afford to be without this up-to -date tutorial on the system call interface and the most important functions found in the ANSI C library. Richard Stevens describes more than 200 system calls and functions; since he believes the best way to learn code is to read code,a brief example accompanies each de*ion. Building upon information presented in the first 15 chapters, the author offers chapter-long examples teaching you how to create a database library, a PostScript printer driver, a modem dialer, and a program that runs other programs under a pseudo terminal. To make your analysis and understanding ofthis code even easier, and to allow you to modify it, all of the code in the book is available via UUNET. Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment is applicable to all major UNIX releases, especially System V Release $ and the latest release of 4.3BSD, including 386BSD. These real-world implementations allow you to more clearly understand the status of the current and future standards,including IEEE POSIX and XPG3.

Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Logging In

1.3 Files and Directories

1.4 Input and Output

1.5 Programs and Processes

1.6 ANSI C Features

1.7 Error Handling

1.8 User Identification

1.9 Signals

1.10 Unix Time Values

1.11 System Calls and Library Functions

1.12 Summary

Chapter 2. Unix Standardization and Implementations

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Unix Standardization

2.3 Unix Implementations

2.4 Relationship of Standards and Implementations

2.5 Limits

2.6 Feature Test Macros

2.7 Primitive System Data Types

2.8 Conflicts Between Standards

2.9 Summary

Chapter 3. FiIe I/O

3.1 Introduction

3.2 File Descriptors

3.3 open Function

3.4 creat Function

3.5 close Function

3.6 lseek Function

3.7 read Function

3.8 write Function

3.9 I/O Efficiency

3.10 File Sharing

3.11 Atomic Operations

3.12 dup and dup2 Functions

3.13 fcntl Function

3.14 ioctl Function

3.15 /dev/fd

3.16 Summary

Chapter 4. Files and Directories

4.1 Introduction

4.2 stat, fstat, and lstat Functions

4.3 File Types

4.4 Set-User-ID and Set-Group-lD

4.5 File Access Permissions

4.6 Ownership of New Files and Directories

4.7 access Function

4.8 umask Function

4.9 chmod and fchmod Functions

4.10 Sticky Bit 88

4.11 chown, fchown, and lchown Functions

4.12 File Size

4.13 File Truncation

4.14 Fijesystems

4.15 link, unlink, remove, and rename Functions

4.16 Symbolic Links

4.17 symlink and readlink Functions

4.18 File Times

4.19 utime Function

4.20 mkdir and rmdir Functions

4.21 Reading Directories

4.22 chdir, fchdir, and getcwd Functions

4.23 Special Device Files

4.24 sync and fsync Functions

4.25 Summary of File Access Permission Bits

4.26 Summary

Chapter 5. Standard I/O Library

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Streams and FILE Objects

5.3 Standard Input, Standard Output, and Standard Error

5.4 Buffering

5.5 Opening a Stream

5.6 Reading and Writing a Stream

5.7 Line-at-a-Time I/O

5.8 Standard I/O Efficiency

5.9 Binary I/O

5.10 Posltioning a Stream

5.11 Formatted I/O

5.12 Implementation Details

5.13 Temporary Files

5.14 Alternatives to Standard I/O

5.15 Summary

Chapter 6. System Data Files and Information

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Password File

6.3 Shadow Passwords

6.4 Group File

6.5 Supplementary Group IDs

6.6 Other Data Files

6.7 Login Accounting

6.8 System Identification

6.9 Time and Date Routines

6.10 Summary

Chapter 7. The Environment of a Unix Process

7.1 Introduction

7.2 main Function

7.3 Process Termination

7.4 Command-Line Arguments

7.5 Environment List

7.6 Memory Layout of a C Program

7.7 Shared Libraries

7.8 Memory Allocation

7.9 Environment Variables

7.10 set jmp and ionqjmp Functions

7.11 qetrlimit and setrlimit Functions

7.12 Summary

Chapter 8. Process Control

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Process Identifiers

8.3 fork Function

8.4 vfork Function

8.5 exit Functions

8.6 wait and waitpid Functions

8.7 wait3 and wait4 Functions

8.8 Race Conditions

8.9 exec Functions

8.10 Changing User IDs and Group IDs

8.11 Interpreter Files

8.12 system Function

8.13 Process Accounting

8.14 User Identification

8.15 Process Times

8.16 Summary

Chapter 9. Process Relationships

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Terminal Logins

9.3 Network Logins

9.4 Process Groups

9.5 Sessions

9.6 Controlling Terminal

9.7 tcgetpqrp and tcsetpgrp Functions

9.8 Job Control

9.9 Shell Execution of Programs

9.10 Orphaned Process Groups

9.11 4.3+BSD Implementation

9.12 Summary

Chapter 10. Signals

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Signal Concepts

10.3 signal Function

10.4 Unreliable Signals

10.5 Interrupted System Calls

10.6 Reentrant Functions

10.7 SIGCLD Semantics

10.8 Reliable Signal Terminology and Semantics

10.9 kill and ra1se Functions

10.10 alarm and pause Functions

10.11 Signal Sets

10.12 siqprocmask Function

10.13 siqpending Function

10.14 sigaction Function

10.15 sigsetjmp and siglongjmp Functions

10.16 siqsuspend Function

10.17 abort Function

10.18 system Function

10.19 sleep Function

10.20 Job-Control Signals

10.21 Addltional Features

10.22 Summary

Chapter 11. Terminal I/O

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Overview

11.3 Special Input Characters

11.4 Getting and Setting Terminal Attributes

11.5 Terminal Option Flags

11.6 stty Command

11.7 Baud Rate Functions

11.8 Line Control Functions

11.9 Terminal Identification

11.10 Canonical Mode

11.11 Noncanonical Mode

11.12 Terminal Window Size

11.13 termcap, terminfo. and curses

11.14 Summary

Chapter 12. Advanced I/O

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Nonblocking I/O

12.3 Record Locking

12.4 Streams

12 5 I/O Multiplexing

12.6 Asynchronous I/O

12.7 readv and writev Functions

12.8 readn and writen Functions

12.9 Memory Mapped I/O

12.10 Summary

Chapter 13. Daemon Processes

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Daemon Characteristics

13.3 Coding Rules

13.4 Error Loggjng

13.5 Client-Server Model

13.6 Summary

Chapter 14. Interprocess Communication

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Pipes

14.3 popen and pciose Functions

14.4 Coprocesses

14.5 FIFOs

14.6 System V IPC

14.7 Message Queues

14.8 Semaphores

14.9 Shared Memory

14.10 Client-Server Properties

14.11 Summary

Chapter 15. Advanced Interprocess Communication

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Stream Pipes

15.3 Passing File Descriptors

15.4 An Open Server, Version 1

15.5 Client--Server Connection Functions

15.6 An Open Server, Version 2

15.7 Summary

Chapter 16. A Database Library

16.1 Introduction

16.2 History

16.3 The Library

16.4 Implementation Overview

16.5 Centralized or Decentralized?

16.6 Concurrency

16.7 Source Code

16.8 Performance

16.9 Summary

Chapter 17. Communicating with a PostScript Printer

17.1 Introduction

17.2 PostScript Communication Dynamics

17.3 Printer Spooling

17.4 Source Code

17.5 Summary

Chapter 18. A Modem Dialer

18.1 Introduction

18.2 History

18.3 Program Design

18.4 Data Files

18.5 Server Design

18.6 Server Source Code

18.7 Client Design

18.8 Client Source Code

18.9 Summary

Chapter 19. Pseudo Terminals

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Overview

19.3 Opening Pseudo-Terminal Devices

19.4 pty_fork Function

19.5 pty Program

19.6 Using the pty Program

19.7 Advanced Features

19.8 Summary

Appendix A. Function Prototypes

Appendix B. Miscellaneous Source Code

B.1 Our Header File

B.2 Standard Error Routines

Appendix C. Solutions to Selected Exercises

Bibliography

Index

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Parent and the child share a file table entry for every open descriptor.

大多数UNIX调试程序都使用core文件以检查进程终止时的状态。

将进程的信号屏蔽字设置为由sigmask指向的值。在捕捉到一个信号或发生了一个会终止该进程的信号之前，该进程被挂起。如果捕捉到一个信号而且从该信号处理程序返回，则sigsuspend返回，并且将该进程的信号屏蔽字设置为调用sigsuspend之前的值。

与应用程序使用文件描述符（fd）访问文件一样，访问套接字也需要使用套接字描述符，其在unix系统中是用文件描述符实现的。

在AF_INET通信域中套接字SOCK_STREAM的默认协议是TCP，SOCK_DGRAM的默认协议是UDP。

不同处理器架构支持不同的字节序，小端（little-endian）freebsd linux on intel pentium，大端（big-endian）mac os on power pc solaris on sun sparc，有些处理器可以配置大端和小端，更加混乱。

TCP/IP 采用大端字节序。对于TCP/IP，地址是使用网络字节序来表示，所以应用程序有时候需要在处理器的字节序和网络字节序之间转换。

uint32_t htonl(uint32_t hostint32);

uint16_t htons(uint16_t hostint16);

uint32_t ntohl(uint32_t netint32);

uint16_t ntohsl(uint16_t netint16);

h 代表host

n 代表network

l 代表 long

s 代表 short

由open返回的文件描述符一定是最小的未用描述符数值。这一点被某些应用程序用来在标准输入，标准输出或标准错误输出上打开新的文件。

其中，atexit的参数是一个函数地址，当调用此函数时无需向它传送任何参数，也不期望它返回一个值。exit以登记这些函数的相反顺序调用它们。同一函数如若登记多次，则也被调用多次。

编辑推荐

　 与大多数其他操作系统类似,Unix对运行其上的程序提供了大量服务,此外,本书与其他Unix编程书籍不同的是,本书除了讲述Unix系统的编程接口——即系统调用接口和由标准C函数库提供的大量函数之外,还通过许多例子和基本原理对Unix编程环境做了更深入的解释和剖析,如怎样创建数据库、页面描述语言的打印机驱动程序、现代拨号程序以及 代理进程、处理机间通信、伪终端程序等。本书作者是Unix研究领域的专家,而本书更 被誉为是该领域的圣经宝典,相信每一位读者都会在学习本书的过程中体会到它的价值 所在。

书籍介绍

    If you are an experienced C programmer with a working knowledge of UNIX, you cannot afford to be without this up-to -date tutorial on the system call interface and the most important functions found in the ANSI C library. Richard Stevens describes more than 200 system calls and functions; since he believes the best way to learn code is to read code,a brief example accompanies each description. Building upon information presented in the first 15 chapters, the author offers chapter-long examples teaching you how to create a database library, a PostScript printer driver, a modem dialer, and a program that runs other programs under a pseudo terminal. To make your analysis and understanding ofthis code even easier, and to allow you to modify it, all of the code in the book is available via UUNET. Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment is applicable to all major UNIX releases, especially System V Release the latest release of 4.3BSD, including 386BSD. These real-world implementations allow you to more clearly understand the status of the current and future standards,including IEEE POSIX and XPG3.